Heating during shearing and opening dominated dynamic fracture of polymers

The heat generated from dissipative mechanisms during shearing and opening dominated dynamic fracture of polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate was measured with a remote sensing technique that utilizes the detection of infrared radiation. Significant heating was detected for both materials and both modes of fracture. In the shear dominated experiments, the temperature increase at the crack tip in polymethyl methacrylate was 85 K, the approximate increase necessary to reach the glass transition temperature. An adiabatic shear band followed by a dynamically propagating crack were observed during the shear dominated experiments using polycarbonate. The recorded shear band temperature increase was 45 K. This was followed by an additional 100 K temperature increase from the ensuing crack, raising the temperature above glass transition. The maximum temperature increase recorded for the opening mode experiments was 55 K for polymethyl methacrylate and 105 K for polycarbonate. The results of this study show that temperature effects are significant during the dynamic fracture of polymers. The effects are especially important in the shear dominated case where local temperatures approach or exceed the polymer glass transition temperature.     

Dynamic compressive strength properties of aluminium foams. Part I—experimental data and observations

This study of the dynamic compressive strength properties of metal foams is in two parts. Part I presents data from an extensive experimental study of closed-cell Hydro/Cymat aluminium foam, which elucidates a number of key issues and phenomena. Part II focuses on modelling issues.The dynamic compressive response of the foam was investigated using a direct-impact technique for a range of velocities from 10 to . Elastic wave dispersion and attenuation in the pressure bar was corrected using a deconvolution technique.A new method of locating the point of densification in the nominal stress-strain curves of the foam is proposed, which provides a consistent framework for the definition of the plateau stress and the densification strain, both essential parameters of the ‘shock’ model in Part II. Data for the uniaxial, plastic collapse and plateau stresses are presented for two different average cell sizes of approximately 4 and 14 mm. They show that the plastic collapse strength of the foam changes significantly with compression rate. This phenomenon is discussed, and the distinctive roles of microinertia and ‘shock’ formation are described. The effects of compression rates on the initiation, development and distribution of cell crushing are also examined. Tests were carried out to examine the effects of density gradient and specimen gauge length at different rates of compression and the results are discussed. The origin of the conflicting conclusions in the literature on the correlation between nominal strain rate (ratio of the impact velocity V_i to the initial gauge length l_o of the specimen) and the dynamic strength of aluminium alloy foams is identified and explained.     

Global stability analysis of parametrically excited cylindrical shells through the evolution of basin boundaries

In the present study, the large-amplitude vibrations and stability of a perfect circular cylindrical shell subjected to axial harmonic excitation in the neighborhood of the lowest natural frequencies are investigated. Donnell's shallow shell theory is used and the shell spatial discretization is obtained by the Ritz method. An efficient low-dimensional model presented in previous publications is used to discretize the continuous system. The main purpose of this work is to discuss the use of basins of attraction as a measure of the reliability and safety of the structure. First, the nonlinear behavior of the conservative system is discussed and the basin structure and volume is understood from the topologic structure of the total energy and its evolution as a function of the system parameters. Then, the behavior of the forced oscillations of the harmonically excited shell is analyzed. First the stability boundaries in force control space are obtained and the bifurcation events connected with these boundaries are identified. Based on the bifurcation diagrams, the probability of parametric instability and escape are analyzed through the evolution and erosion of basin boundaries within a prescribed control volume defined by the manifolds. Usually, basin boundaries become fractal. This together with the presence of catastrophic subcritical bifurcations makes the shell very sensitive to initial conditions, uncertainties in system parameters, and initial imperfections. Results show that the analysis of the evolution of safe basins and the derivation of appropriate measures of their robustness is an essential step in the derivation of safe design procedures for multiwell systems.     

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Activated Carbon–Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites

Nano-activated carbons obtained from oil palm empty fiber bunch (AC-EFB), bamboo stem (AC-BS), and coconut shells (AC-CNS) were reinforced in epoxy matrix to fabricate epoxy nanocomposites. The dynamic mechanical analysis of epoxy nanocomposites was carried out, and 5% AC-CNS treated with KOH-filled epoxy composites displayed the highest storage modulus of all the activated carbon–filled epoxy composites. The incorporation of a small amount of AC-BS, AC-EFB, and AC-CNS to the epoxy matrix enhanced the damping characteristics of the epoxy nanocomposites. The 5% AC-EFB treated with H₃PO₄ filled epoxy composites showed the highest glass transition temperature (T_g) in all temperature ranges.     

十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液的动态表面吸附性质

利用MPTC型气泡压力张仪研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液在不同NaCl 浓度下的动态表面吸附性质, 分析了离子型表面活性剂在表面吸附层和胶束中形成双电层结构产生表面电荷对动态表面扩散过程和胶束性质的影响. 结果表明, SDS在表面吸附过程中, 表面电荷的存在会产生5.5 kJ·mol^-1的吸附势垒(E_a), 显著降低十二烷基硫酸根离子(DS^-)的有效扩散系数(D_eff). 十二烷基硫酸根离子的有效扩散系数与自扩散系数(D)的比值(D_eff/D)仅为0.013, 这表明SDS与非离子型表面活性剂不同, 在吸附初期为混合动力控制吸附机制. 加入NaCl可以降低吸附势垒. 当加入不小于80 mmol·L^-1 NaCl后, E_a小于0.3 kJ·mol^-1, D_eff/D在0.8-1.2之间, 表现出与非离子型表面活性剂相同的扩散控制吸附机制. 同时, 通过分析SDS胶束溶液的动态表面张力获得了表征胶束解体速度的常数(k₂). 发现随着NaCl 浓度的增大, k₂减小, 表明SDS胶束表面电荷的存在会增加十二烷基硫酸根离子间的排斥力, 促进胶束解体.     

MULTIPLE EMULSIONS STABILIZED BY COLLOIDAL MICROGRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE

Multiple emulsions stabilized by colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (CMCC, Avicel RC591) at the w/o and o/w interfaces, and by the addition of Span 80 or Span 85 at the w/o interface, were studied by means of brightfield microscopy, freeze-etch electron microscopy, droplet size distribution analysis and rheologic measurements. Stable multiple emulsions were prepared by incorporation of sodium chloride in the innermost aqueous phase, thereby creating an osmotic gradient preventing loss of the inner aqueous phase to the external aqueous phase. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of the multiple emulsions indicated the presence of a network of microcrystalline cellulose at the outer o/w interface. It may be assumed that the surfactant directly stabilized the w/o interface by adsorption at the interface, as well as indirectly by facilitating wetting of the microcrystalline cellulose by the oil. From rheologic measurements, the existence of a three-dimensional network in the external aqueous phase was indicated by the considerable degrees of thlxotropy and significant static yield values of these multiple emulsions.     

Anionic Conduction in Blends of Poly(Pyridinium Ethyl Methacrylate Perchloride) and Poly[Oligo(Oxyethylene) Methacrylate-Co-Acrylamide]

Abstract

Blends of poly(pyridinium ethyl methacrylate perchloride) and poly[oligo(oxyethylene) methacrylate-co-acrylamide] were prepared, and the ionic conductivity and mobility of the blends were investigated. Results indicate that both the transference of perchlorate anion and the dissociation of the polymeric salt in the comblike polyether obey the thermoactivation mechanism, and that the perchlorate anion in the blends is free.     

激光诱导荧光光谱快速检测食源性致病菌

近年来,由微生物污染引起的食品安全问题对人类健康构成威胁。微生物的快速检测对食品安全具有重要意义。目前,微生物快速检测技术存在操作困难,成本高的不足。激光诱导荧光光谱(LIFS)具有灵敏度高、操作方便、设备相对便宜等优点,为微生物的快速检测提供了一种潜在技术。利用便携式405 nm激光激发三种常见食源性致病菌(粪肠球菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌)的荧光,并利用微光纤光谱仪检测光谱。通过调节激光器功率(10～100 mW)得到粪肠球菌的荧光强度,验证了激光器功率(Power,P)与细菌荧光强度的关系,结果表明最佳激光器功率范围为50～80 mW。测量了在激光器功率P=50 mW时细菌样品的荧光光谱,并讨论了细菌种类和荧光光谱之间关系。结合文献分析粪肠球菌在528 nm处出现黄酮的荧光峰,铜绿假单胞菌中的原卟啉发射634 nm荧光峰。实验结果表明：(1)铜绿假单胞菌在634和703 nm处的荧光峰,可作为直接识别特征;(2)基于多元统计,将粪肠球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的光谱划分为9个特征区,采用动态聚类法得到粪肠球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的识别率均达到100%。结果表明,激光诱导荧光光谱法可有效检测铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。相较于其他微生物快速检测技术,LIFS方法操作方便,检测速度快,识别率高,对食源性致病菌的快速检测具有重要的应用价值。     

Design of a type of broadband metamaterial absorber based on metal and graphene

In this paper, we demonstrate a kind of broadband metamaterial perfect absorber using both graphene and metal resonator elements. Through step by step design and simulation, wider absorption band from about 4.22 THz to 7.48 THz with average absorption rate up to 98.21% is achieved in the absorption spectrum. In addition, the absorber has characteristics of polarization insensitivity and wide incident angle due to its inherent rotational symmetry. Moreover, the absorption band can be adjusted by changing the chemical potential of the graphene. The superiorities of broadband, high absorption rate, polarization independent and wide-angle characteristics make it have potential application prospects in electromagnetic wave absorbing, signal sensing and detection, and other optoelectronic devices.